ARTICLES AND PRESENTATIONS
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ALASKA SUBSISTENCE FISHERIES 1999 ANNUAL REPORT.
By Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. January 2001.
(asf1999.pdf, 154 pages, 1,336 KB)
This is the first in a planned series of annual reports on Alaska's subsistence fisheries.
It was prepared by the Division of Subsistence of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
Funding was provided through a cooperative agreement with the US Fish and Wildlife Service,
Office of Subsistence Management (Project No. FIS 00-017; USFWS Agreement No. 701810J257; ADF&G COOP-00-94).
"Subsistence fishing" is defined in state law as taking of fish, shellfish, or other fisheries resources
by Alaska residents for subsistence uses (AS 16.05.940[30]). "Subsistence uses" of wild resources are defined as
"noncommercial, customary and traditional uses" for a variety of purposes, including: Direct personal or family
consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, tools, or transportation, for the making and selling of handicraft
articles out of nonedible by-products of fish and wildlife resources taken for personal or family consumption,
and for the customary trade, barter, or sharing for personal or family consumption (AS 16.05.940[32]).
ALASKA SUBSISTENCE FISHERIES 2000 ANNUAL REPORT.
By Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. December 2002.
(asf2000.pdf, 164 pages, 6,516 KB)
This is the second in a planned series of annual reports on Alaska's subsistence fisheries.
It was prepared by the Division of Subsistence of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
Funding was provided through a cooperative agreement with the US Fish and Wildlife Service,
Office of Subsistence Management (Project No. FIS 00-017; USFWS Agreement No. 701810J257; ADF&G COOP-00-94).
"Subsistence fishing" is defined in state law as taking of fish, shellfish, or other fisheries resources
by Alaska residents for subsistence uses (AS 16.05.940[30]). "Subsistence uses" of wild resources are defined as
"noncommercial, customary and traditional uses" for a variety of purposes, including: Direct personal or family
consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, tools, or transportation, for the making and selling of handicraft
articles out of nonedible by-products of fish and wildlife resources taken for personal or family consumption,
and for the customary trade, barter, or sharing for personal or family consumption (AS 16.05.940[32]).
ALASKA SUBSISTENCE FISHERIES 2001 ANNUAL REPORT.
By Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. September 2003.
(asf2001.pdf, 226 pages, 2,243 KB)
This is the third in a series of annual reports on Alaska’s subsistence fisheries.
It was prepared by the Division of Subsistence of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
Funding was provided through a cooperative agreement with the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of
Subsistence Management (Project No. FIS 01-107; USFWS Agreement No.701811J335; ADF&G COOP-01-074).
“Subsistence fishing” is defined in state law as taking of fish, shellfish, or other fisheries resources
by Alaska residents for subsistence uses (AS 16.05.940[30]). “Subsistence uses” of wild resources are defined as
“noncommercial, customary and traditional uses” for a variety of purposes, including: Direct personal or family
consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, tools, or transportation, for the making and selling of handicraft
articles out of nonedible by-products of fish and wildlife resources taken for personal or family consumption,
and for the customary trade, barter, or sharing for personal or family consumption (AS 16.05.940[32]).
ALASKA SUBSISTENCE FISHERIES 2002 ANNUAL REPORT.
By Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. December 2003.
(asf2002.pdf, 223 pages, 2,050 KB)
This is the fourth in a series of annual reports on Alaska’s subsistence fisheries.
It was prepared by the Division of Subsistence of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
Funding was provided through a cooperative agreement with the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of
Subsistence Management (Project No. FIS 01-107; USFWS Agreement No.701811J335; ADF&G COOP-01-074).
“Subsistence fishing” is defined in state law as taking of fish, shellfish, or other fisheries resources
by Alaska residents for subsistence uses (AS 16.05.940[30]). “Subsistence uses” of wild resources are defined as
“noncommercial, customary and traditional uses” for a variety of purposes, including: Direct personal or family
consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, tools, or transportation, for the making and selling of handicraft
articles out of nonedible by-products of fish and wildlife resources taken for personal or family consumption,
and for the customary trade, barter, or sharing for personal or family consumption (AS 16.05.940[32]).
ALASKA SUBSISTENCE FISHERIES 2003 ANNUAL REPORT.
By Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. September 2005.
(asf2003.pdf, 252 pages, 1,109 KB)
This is the fifth in a series of annual reports on Alaska’s subsistence fisheries.
It was prepared by the Division of Subsistence of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G).
A cooperative agreement with the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Subsistence Management (FIS 04-751),
contributed to the overall cost of this project. “Subsistence fishing” is defined in state law as taking of fish, shellfish, or other fisheries resources
by Alaska residents for subsistence uses (AS 16.05.940[30]). “Subsistence uses” of wild resources are defined as
“noncommercial, customary and traditional uses” for a variety of purposes. These include: Direct personal or family
consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, tools, or transportation, for the making and selling of handicraft
articles out of nonedible by-products of fish and wildlife resources taken for personal or family consumption,
and for the customary trade, barter, or sharing for personal or family consumption (AS 16.05.940[32]).
EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE DATABASE
The EVOS Traditional Ecological Knowledge Database Reference Guide is a searchable
database in askSam format. It was funded by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council as part of the
Traditional Ecological Knowledge Project (Restoration Project number -052B). The Reference Guide is
intended to be used by researchers to identify sources of local and traditional knowledge on the oil spill
impact area. The spill impact area, as defined by the EVOS Trustee Council includes Prince William Sound, the
lower Kenai Peninsula, the Kodiak Archipelago, and portions of the southern shoreline of the Alaska Peninsula
(as shown on the attached map).
EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE HANDBOOK
By Rita A. Miraglia. Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. 1998. (rp97052b.pdf, 62 pages,
11,080 KB)
This handbook has been produced as part of the Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) project, funded by the Exxon Valdez
Oil Spill (EVOS) Trustee Council (restoration project 052B). The project was designed to make optimal use of the complimentary nature
of scientific data and traditional knowledge, while increasing the involvement of spill area communities in oil spill restoration.
People living in the spill area have detailed knowledge about the condition of resources, which can add to data collected
as part of scientific studies and may enhance the success of the restoration effort. This includes knowledge of the historic population
sizes and ranges of many of the species injured by the spill, as well as observations concerning the diet, behavior and
inter-relationships of injured species. This information can help researchers evaluate the injury and recovery status
of these species.
SUBSISTENCE HARVESTS OF PACIFIC HALIBUT IN ALASKA, 2005 PUBLIC REVIEW DRAFT
By James A. Fall, David Koster, and Brian Davis. Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. November 2006. (TP320.pdf, 182 pages,
2,863 KB)
This report describes the results of the third annual study by the Division of Subsistence of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game to
estimate the subsistence halibut harvest in Alaska since the National Marine Fisheries Service adopted rules
governing subsistence halibut fishing in 2003. Data were collected through a voluntary mail-out survey of all holders of subsistence
halibut registration certificates. The survey response rate was 60% (8,565 returned of 14,306 mailed.). An
estimated 5,621 individuals subsistence fished for halibut in 2005, compared to 5,984 subsistence fishers in 2004,
and 4,942 in 2003. The estimated subsistence halibut harvest in 2005 was 55,875 fish for 1,178,222 pounds (+/- 3.0%) net
weight. This compares to a harvest estimate of 52,412 fish for 1,193,162 pounds (+/-1.5%) in 2004 and 43,926 halibut and 1,041,330
pounds net weight (+/- 3.9%) in 2003. Of the total subsistence halibut harvest in 2005, 70% was harvested with
setline gear and 30% with hand-operated gear. As in 2003 and 2004, the largest portion of the Alaska subsistence
halibut harvest in 2005 occurred in Regulatory Area 2C (Southeast Alaska), 51%, followed by Area 3A (Southcentral
Alaska), 36%. Subsistence harvests represent about 1.5% of the total halibut removals in Alaska in 2005. The
harvest estimates based on the surveys for 2003, 2004, and 2005 serve as a start for understanding the overall
harvest, annual variability in catch, and whether any increase in harvest may be associated with implementation of
the new regulations. Although the 2005 harvest estimate is about the same as the 2004 estimate and somewhat higher
than the 2003 estimate, there are no certain trends in the fishery. The report recommends that research be
continued for 2 more years, so that 5 years of data under the current set of regulations can be evaluated.
SUBSISTENCE HARVESTS OF PACIFIC HALIBUT IN ALASKA, 2004 SUMMARY
Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. December 2005. (SubsistenceHalibutSummary2004.pdf, 4 pages,
111 KB)
SUBSISTENCE HARVESTS OF PACIFIC HALIBUT IN ALAKSA, 2004 FINAL REPORT
By James A. Fall, Mykel George, and Bridget Easley. Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. December 2005. (TP304.pdf, 184 pages,
4,649 KB)
This report presents findings of a study designed to estimate the subsistence harvest of
Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) in Alaska in 2004. The Division of Subsistence of
the Alaska Department of Fish and Game Conducted the study as part of a cooperative agreement
with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). In May 2003, NMFS published federal
regulations implementing a subsistence halibut fishery in Alaska for qualified individuals
who are residents of 117 rural communities or members of 123 Alaska Native tribes with
traditional uses of halibut. 2004 was the second year in which subsistence halibut
fishing took place under these regulations. Subsistence fishers are required to obtain
a subsistence halibut registration certificate (SHARC) from NMFS before fishing. By
the end of 2004, 13,813 individuals had obtained SHARCs, compared to 11,635 by the end of
2003 (an increase of 18.7 percent).
COOPERATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF WILD FOOD.
Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. March 1990. (coop90.pdf, 4 pages,
1,292 KB)
During the past decade, the harvest and use of wild food has been
studied in scores of Alaska communities. In many of these studies, researchers
asked people not only how much wild food they harvested, but also whether they
received or gave away wild foods. In a few studies, researchers asked people to
identify who produced wild food for them, whether or not they lived in their
own household.
These studies clearly showed that Alaskans cooperate extensively in wild
food production. Using examples from one such study, this paper describes
cooperation in the production and distribution of wild foods in Alaska. Any
system for managing subsistence hunting and fishing must, to be effective, take
into account extensive cooperation in the production of wild food.
THE DIVISION OF SUBSISTENCE OF THE ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME: AN OVERVIEW OF ITS RESEARCH PROGRAM AND FINDINGS: 1980-1990.
by James A. Fall. Arctic Anthropology, vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 68-92,
1990.
(overview.pdf, 25 pages plus errata, 2,114 KB)
Since 1980, the Division of Subsistence of the Alaska Department of Fish
and Game has conducted research on contemporary hunting, fishing, and gathering
in Alaska Native and other rural Alaskan communities. This paper describes the
division's research program and some of the results of division's studies.
First, there is an overview of the state and federal legislation which provides
a preference for subsistence uses in resource management and allocation
decisions. Next, the division's research methods are discussed, followed by a
summary of some of the recent findings about the role of subsistence uses in
the mixed subsistence-based economies of Alaska villages. A description of a
"baseline" study in the Central Yup'ik Eskimo village of Manokotak illustrates
the kinds of information which the division has collected for about 151
communities. The paper also illustrates how these data have been applied in
resource management decisions which may eliminate the legal protections which
have pertained to subsistence uses in Alaska since 1978.
HOW ALASKA'S SUBSISTENCE LAW AFFECTED HUNTING REGULATIONS.
Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. March 1990.
(sublaw90.pdf, 7 pages, 2,545 KB)
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Alaskans hunt and fish for many different reasons and under many
different circumstances. In regulation, the State of Alaska recognizes four
kinds of fishing and three kinds of hunting. Fishing regulations recognize
commercial, sport, personal use, and subsistence fishing. Hunting regulations
recognize subsistence, resident, and non-resident hunting.
From 1978 through 1989, subsistence hunting and fishing had a priority
over other consumptive uses of wildlife. Only rural Alaskans could hunt or fish
under subsistence regulations. In some cases, subsistence regulations provided
for longer seasons, higher bag limits, or other advantages for subsistence.
In December 1989, the Alaska Supreme Court ruled the rural priority
unconstitutional. It is worth exploring how the rural priority worked. This
paper describes the three steps used to apply the priority. We compare
subsistence and resident hunting opportunities under 1989-90 regulations. And
we examine the Nelchina caribou hunt, where the priority has been in effect
since 1981.
STATEWIDE SUBSISTENCE FISHERIES HARVEST MONITORING STRATEGY.
by Subsistence Fisheries Harvest Assessment Working Group.
Co-principal Investigators: James A. Fall, Division of Subsistence,
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and Roland Shanks,
Alaska Inter-Tribal Council.
(ssfhms.pdf, 96 pages, 583 KB)
On February 3, 2000 the Federal Subsistence Board approved funding for the "Statewide
Subsistence Fisheries Harvest Monitoring Strategy" project (Study Number FIS 00-017; FWS
Agreement No. 701810J257; ADF&G COOP-00-094). The project was implemented by the
Alaska Department of Fish and Game’s Division of Subsistence and the Alaska Inter-Tribal
Council under cooperative agreements with the Office of Subsistence Management of the US
Fish and Wildlife Service. Most of the project’s activities centered around a “Subsistence
Fisheries Harvest Assessment Working Group,” consisting of federal, state, and tribal members.
An investigation plan expressed the issue to be addressed by the project as follows:
Presently, responsibility for collection and analysis of subsistence salmon harvest data,
and for a limited number of other Alaska subsistence fisheries, is spread among three
divisions within the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) with no overall
coordination. In addition, harvest assessment programs for finfish other than salmon
and marine invertebrates are limited. Different methods are used to collect, compile,
and report the data in different management areas. No statewide subsistence fisheries
summary is compiled annually. A need exists to evaluate the different methods used to
collect subsistence fisheries information and to design and implement a coordinated
statewide subsistence fisheries harvest monitoring strategy. This unified approach is
needed to evaluate future proposals for subsistence fisheries harvest assessment and to
promote partnerships in subsistence fisheries harvest assessment programs.
SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES IN ALASKA: PRODUCTIVITY, GEOGRAPHY, AND DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS.
by Robert J. Wolfe and Robert J. Walker. Arctic Anthropology,
Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 56-81, 1987.
(subecon.pdf, 26 pages, 6,436 KB)
This paper describes the productivity and geographic distribution of
subsistence harvests in Alaska during the 1980s. Subsistence harvests of a
statewide sample of 98 communities are presented, analyzed by size,
composition, and locations. The analysis indicates that subsistence harvests of
fish, land mammals, marine mammals, and other wild resources are making
substantial contributions to the economies of most rural communities in Alaska.
Community harvest levels tend to increase in areas away from urban centers, not
connected by roads to urban areas, with lower degrees of settlement entry and
with lower mean personal incomes. These relationships suggest that certain
types of economic development can create conditions which diminish subsistence
productivity. Construction of roads and settlement entry into roaded areas
produce changes associated with lower subsistence harvests, including increased
competition for wild resources, increased habitat alteration, and changing
community economic orientations away from mixed, subsistence-market
adaptations. By recognizing the substantial contributions subsistence harvests
make to the state's regional economies, economic development might be planned
in ways which enhance, rather than erode, the state's rural subsistence base.
SUBSISTENCE FOOD HARVESTS IN RURAL ALASKA, AND FOOD SAFETY ISSUES.
by Robert J. Wolfe. Paper presented to the Institute of Medicine,
National Academy of Sciences Committee on Environmental Justice, Spokane,
Washington, August, 13, 1996.
(food962.pdf, 23 pages, 1,654 KB)
Wild food contamination is an emerging concern in rural Alaska,
especially for Alaska Natives who consume large amounts of wild food annually.
This report provides background on subsistence food harvests in rural Alaska
and the emerging food safety issue. I draw upon information collected by the
Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game on subsistence food
harvests in Alaska, and on our experience with food contaminant issues
following the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989.
SUBSISTENCE IN ALASKA: A SUMMARY.
by Robert J. Wolfe and Robert G. Bosworth. Division of Subsistence,
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska. February 26, 1990.
(subsum90.pdf, 4 pages, 1,178 KB)
Subsistence is important to the economies and culture of many families
and communities in Alaska. This report describes some characteristics of
subsistence in Alaska, based on studies by the Division of Subsistence, Alaska
Department of Fish and Game.
This report briefly summarizes these rapid, on-going changes. It
describes subsistence management as it looked in late February 1991.
SUBSISTENCE IN ALASKA: 1994 UPDATE.
Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. March 1, 1994.
(subupd94.pdf, 4 pages, 42 KB)
Subsistence fishing and hunting are important for the economies and
cultures of many families and communities in Alaska. This report provides an
update on subsistence in Alaska, including participants, harvest levels, and
current legal issues.
SUBSISTENCE IN ALASKA: 1998 UPDATE.
Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. March 1, 1998.
(subupd98.pdf, 4 pages, 188 KB)
Subsistence fishing and hunting continues to be important for the
economies and cultures of many families and communities in Alaska. This report
provides an update on subsistence in Alaska, including the monetary value of
subsistence, subsistence and money, and the current subsistence priority.
SUBSISTENCE IN ALASKA: 2000 UPDATE.
Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. March 2000.
(subupd00.pdf, 4 pages, 206 KB)
Subsistence fishing and hunting continues to be important for the
economies and cultures of many families and communities in Alaska. Subsistence exists
alongside other important uses of fish and game in Alaska, including commercial fishing,
sport fishing, personal use fishing, and general hunting. This report
provides an update on subsistence in Alaska, including the dual state-federal management system.
SUBSISTENCE MANAGEMENT IN ALASKA: 1991 UPDATE.
Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. February 20, 1991.
(subupd91.pdf, 4 pages, 1,197 KB)
Since December 1989, major changes have been occurring in subsistence
management in Alaska. This has resulted from the state supreme court decision,
McDowell v. State. Several radical changes are taking place:
- All Alaska residents now qualify for subsistence fish and hunting on
state lands. Previously, subsistence was open to rural residents only.
- The federal government is beginning to take over management of
subsistence on public lands. Previously, the state managed fishing and hunting
on public lands.
- New types of fisheries and hunts are being created by state and
federal managers. These include Tier II hunts, federal subsistence hunts, and
new subsistence fisheries on the Kenai Peninsula.
TRIBAL CONSULTATION POLICY
Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau,
Alaska. February 20, 1991.
(tribepol.pdf, 5 pages, 29 KB)
This policy articulates and reinforces a government-to-government relationship between the Alaska Department of
Fish and Game (ADF&G) and Boards of Fisheries and Game (boards), and the federally recognized tribes in Alaska through
consultation on significant matters of mutual concern.
This department policy provides guidance to all tribes and employees of the department involved in any department or boards
action(s) that significantly or uniquely affect a tribal government in Alaska and pertaining to any tribal action that significantly
or uniquely affects the departments or boards. It also reinforces the foundation for establishing and maintaining effective
government-to-government communications between the department and tribes, and between the boards and the tribes, and
promotes consultation and coordination with these tribes, with the goal of ensuring the department conducts consultation in a culturally
sensitive manner.
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